Q1. Comprehension Read the passage given below to answer the questions that follow:

Given the fact that most of us spend over 90% of our time indoors, it is most important to recognise that the air we breathe in at home or in offices can be polluted. It can be a cause of ill-health. Air pollutants, that are generally present in very low concentrations, can assume significance in closed ill-ventilated places.

There can be several sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke is one of the most important air pollutants in closed places. “Passive smoking” or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) pollution can cause non-smoking people to have all the harmful effects of tobacco smoking. ETS as a health hazard has been unequivocally proven and is also getting social recognition now. The children of smoking parents are among the worst affected persons.

The next most important source of indoor air pollution is the allergens. House dust mites (HDM) are very small insects not visible to the naked eye and are the commonest source of allergy in the house. They are ubiquitous and thrive in a warm and moist atmosphere. Modem houses present ample breeding spaces for them in the form of carpets, curtains, mattresses, pillows, etc.

Pets form an important part of life for some of us. But they can add plenty of allergens to our indoor atmosphere. Cats are notorious for doing this. Fine particles from feline fur can remain stuck to the upholstery and carpets for a long time even after the removal of the animal and lead to the worsening of asthma and skin allergies. Dogs can also be as troublesome.

Toxic gases can also pollute the indoor environment. Biomass fuels (wood, cow dung, dried plants) and coal, if burned inside, can lead to severe contamination by carbon monoxide (CO): The poor quality of stoves and other cooking or heating appliances that cause incomplete combustion of LPG can also lead to the emission of CO or nitrogen dioxide. Formaldehyde (a gas) can be released from adhesives that are used for fixing carpets, upholstery and also in making plywood and particleboard.

It is important to realise that the air we breathe at home may not always be clean and we must try to eliminate the source of pollution. We should give due consideration to ventilation.

a. How can toxic gases pollute the indoor environment?

Ans. Toxic gases can pollute the indoor environment through various sources and activities that release these gases into the air we breathe. The passage mentions a few examples of how toxic gases can be introduced into indoor spaces:

1.       Burning Biomass Fuels and Coal: When biomass fuels like wood, cow dung, and dried plants, as well as coal, are burned indoors for cooking or heating purposes, they can release toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO). Incomplete combustion of these fuels due to poor ventilation or inefficient stoves can lead to the accumulation of carbon monoxide in indoor air, which is harmful when inhaled.

2.       Burning LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Even modern appliances that use LPG for cooking or heating can become sources of indoor air pollution if they are of poor quality or not functioning properly. Incomplete combustion of LPG can lead to the emission of toxic gases like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

3.       Adhesives and Construction Materials: Adhesives used in fixing carpets, upholstery, and in the construction of materials like plywood and particleboard can release toxic gases, including formaldehyde. This gas can be emitted into the indoor air and contribute to indoor air pollution.

In summary, toxic gases can pollute the indoor environment when certain activities such as burning biomass fuels, coal, or LPG, or using construction materials with harmful adhesives, lead to the release of gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and formaldehyde. These gases can accumulate in closed and poorly ventilated spaces, posing health risks to the occupants. Proper ventilation and eliminating or minimizing the sources of these toxic gases are important steps to maintain indoor air quality.

b. What do you understand about ETS? How is it harmful? Give two instances.

Ans. ETS stands for “Environmental Tobacco Smoke,” commonly referred to as “secondhand smoke” or “passive smoking.” It refers to the involuntary inhalation of smoke by non-smokers who are exposed to tobacco smoke in the environment where smoking occurs. ETS contains a mixture of harmful chemicals and particles that are released when tobacco products like cigarettes are burned. Even though non-smokers are not actively smoking, they can still be exposed to the health risks associated with ETS.

ETS is harmful because it contains many of the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in mainstream smoke that is inhaled directly by smokers. When non-smokers inhale ETS, they are exposed to these harmful substances, which can lead to various adverse health effects. Here are two instances of how ETS can be harmful:

1.       Health Effects on Non-Smokers: Non-smokers who are regularly exposed to ETS can experience a range of health problems. These include respiratory issues like coughing, wheezing, and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. ETS exposure is linked to increased risks of respiratory infections, bronchitis, and even lung cancer in non-smokers.

2.       Effects on Children: Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of ETS. Exposure to ETS can lead to an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis, and developmental issues such as reduced lung function and impaired cognitive development. Children of parents who smoke are at a higher risk of these health problems.

3.       Worsening of Existing Conditions: For individuals with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, exposure to ETS can worsen their symptoms and lead to more frequent and severe asthma attacks. ETS exposure can trigger respiratory distress and reduce the effectiveness of asthma medications.

4.       Effects During Pregnancy: Pregnant women exposed to ETS are at an increased risk of complications such as low birth weight, premature birth, and developmental issues in the baby. ETS exposure during pregnancy can also impact the baby’s lung development and increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

5.       Public Health Concern: ETS is not only harmful in homes but also in public places like restaurants, workplaces, and public transportation where smoking is allowed. People in these spaces can involuntarily inhale ETS, leading to increased health risks for a broader population.

In summary, ETS is the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by non-smokers who are exposed to tobacco smoke in their environment. It is harmful due to the presence of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in the smoke, and exposure to ETS can lead to a range of health problems, especially for children, pregnant women, and individuals with existing health conditions. Efforts to reduce exposure to ETS, such as creating smoke-free environments and promoting smoking cessation, are important for public health and the well-being of non-smokers.

c. What are the causes of indoor pollution?

Ans. Indoor pollution, also known as indoor air pollution, is caused by the presence of pollutants and contaminants in the indoor environment. These pollutants can originate from various sources and activities within indoor spaces. Here are some common causes of indoor pollution:

1.       Tobacco Smoke: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes indoors releases harmful chemicals and particles into the air, leading to poor indoor air quality. Secondhand smoke (ETS) is particularly harmful to non-smokers who are exposed to it.

2.       Combustion of Fuels: The burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for heating, cooking, and heating water can release pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter into the indoor air.

3.       Biomass Burning: Burning biomass fuels like wood, cow dung, and dried plants for cooking and heating purposes can release pollutants like carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

4.       Household Cleaners and Aerosols: Many household cleaning products, air fresheners, and aerosol sprays contain VOCs and other chemicals that can contribute to indoor air pollution.

5.       Construction Materials and Furnishings: Certain construction materials, paints, adhesives, and furnishings can release VOCs and other chemicals into the indoor air. For example, formaldehyde can be emitted from plywood, particleboard, and carpet adhesives.

6.       Cooking Emissions: Cooking activities, especially those involving high temperatures or frying, can release pollutants into the air. Fumes from cooking oils and grease can contribute to indoor air pollution.

7.       Pet Dander and Allergens: Pets can shed dander, fur, and feathers that contain allergens, leading to indoor air pollution and potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

8.       Dust Mites: House dust mites thrive in warm and humid environments and can release allergens that contribute to indoor air pollution, particularly in bedding, mattresses, and carpets.

9.       Mold and Mildew: Moisture and humidity can lead to the growth of mold and mildew, which release spores into the air that can be harmful when inhaled.

10.   Inadequate Ventilation: Poor ventilation in indoor spaces can trap pollutants and contaminants indoors, leading to a buildup of indoor air pollution.

11.   Radon Gas: Radon is a radioactive gas that can seep into indoor spaces from the ground. Prolonged exposure to radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.

12.   Pesticides and Insecticides: The use of pesticides and insecticides indoors can release chemicals into the air, leading to indoor air pollution.

13.   Electronics and Appliances: Some electronic devices and appliances can release pollutants and electromagnetic fields that can contribute to indoor pollution.

In summary, indoor pollution is caused by a combination of factors, including smoking, combustion of fuels, household products, construction materials, cooking, pets, allergens, inadequate ventilation, and more. Identifying and mitigating these sources of indoor pollution are important for maintaining good indoor air quality and promoting the health and well-being of occupants.

d. How can cats impact allergies and asthma?

Ans. Cats can have a significant impact on allergies and asthma due to the allergens they produce. Allergens are substances that trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, causing symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and more severe reactions in some cases. Here’s how cats can impact allergies and asthma:

1.       Cat Allergens: The primary allergen produced by cats is a protein found in their skin cells, saliva, and urine. These allergens are very small and lightweight, making them easily airborne and able to remain suspended in the indoor environment for long periods.

2.       Airborne Distribution: Cat allergens can become airborne when cats groom themselves, shed skin cells, scratch, or move around. These allergens can then spread throughout the indoor space and settle on surfaces such as furniture, carpets, and bedding.

3.       Allergic Reactions: Individuals who are allergic to cats can experience allergic reactions when they come into contact with cat allergens. Common symptoms include sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, coughing, and skin rashes. Some people may also experience more severe reactions, including asthma symptoms.

4.       Asthma Triggers: For individuals with asthma, exposure to cat allergens can trigger asthma symptoms or exacerbate existing symptoms. Cat allergens can cause inflammation and irritation in the airways, leading to coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

5.       Long-Lasting Residue: Cat allergens can persist in the indoor environment even after the cat has been removed from the space. The allergens can remain in furniture, carpets, and other surfaces for months, continuing to trigger allergic reactions.

6.       Reducing Exposure: To minimize the impact of cat allergens on allergies and asthma, individuals with sensitivities can take several measures:

7.       Create “cat-free” zones in the home, such as bedrooms, to reduce exposure during sleep.

8.       Use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in air purifiers and vacuum cleaners to capture allergens.

9.       Regularly clean and vacuum surfaces to reduce the buildup of allergens.

10.   Wash bedding, curtains, and other fabrics regularly in hot water to remove allergens.

11.   Groom the cat regularly and bathe it if tolerated to reduce the shedding of allergens.

12.   Consider using hypoallergenic bedding and covers that block allergens from penetrating.

13.   Consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate medications to manage allergic reactions and asthma symptoms.

14.   Managing Asthma: For individuals with asthma triggered by cat allergens, it’s important to work with a healthcare provider to develop an asthma action plan. This plan may include medications, avoiding exposure to triggers, and monitoring symptoms.

In summary, cat allergens can have a significant impact on allergies and asthma. Individuals who are allergic to cats or have asthma need to be mindful of the potential allergen exposure and take steps to minimize it within their indoor environments.

e. Find out synonyms of the following words/phrases from the given passage: Unmistakably, Infamous, Risk, Present Everywhere

Ans. Sure, here are the synonyms for the words/phrases you’ve mentioned from the passage:

Unmistakably: Clearly, undoubtedly, unequivocally, unmistakably.

Infamous: Notorious, disreputable, scandalous, infamous.

Risk: Hazard, danger, threat, jeopardy.

Present Everywhere: Ubiquitous, omnipresent, widespread, all-pervasive.

f. Write a summary of the above passage.

Ans. The passage emphasizes the significance of indoor air quality given that people spend most of their time indoors. It highlights that indoor air can be polluted and contribute to health problems. Air pollutants in low concentrations can become significant in enclosed spaces. Sources of indoor air pollution include tobacco smoke, allergens, pets, and toxic gases. Tobacco smoke poses risks through “passive smoking” or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), especially harming non-smokers and children. Allergens, such as house dust mites and pet dander, impact indoor air quality and cause allergies. Toxic gases from burning biomass and improper combustion of fuels can also contaminate indoor air. The passage underscores the importance of recognizing and eliminating indoor pollution sources, promoting ventilation, and understanding the potential risks to health.

Q2. Write a debate (Favouring or Against the motion) on the given topic as per the points that follow: Violent video games should be banned. You may use the following tips: Write an overview of the topic and opening statement. Give two facts/anecdotes in support of your opinion. Write two questions which you think your opponents might ask you on the basis of your presentation. 

Ans. Debate: Violent Video Games Should be Banned

Overview of the Topic:

Ladies and gentlemen, respected judges, and fellow debaters, today we are here to discuss a topic that has been a subject of much debate and concern in recent times: whether violent video games should be banned. This issue revolves around the impact of these games on the minds of players, particularly the younger generation. As we delve into this topic, I will present arguments favoring the motion that violent video games should indeed be banned.

Opening Statement:

The world of gaming has witnessed a surge in popularity, and with it, the emergence of violent video games has raised alarm bells. These games often depict graphic violence, bloodshed, and aggressive behavior, raising ethical questions about their potential consequences on players’ behavior and psychology.

Supporting Facts/Anecdotes:

Desensitization to Violence: Studies have shown that exposure to violent video games can lead to desensitization to real-life violence. Young minds are impressionable, and continuous exposure to virtual violence can blur the line between fantasy and reality. The American Psychological Association has also raised concerns about the desensitizing effect of violent media on aggression.

Impact on Youth Aggression: There is a growing body of research indicating a link between violent video games and increased aggression in players, especially in adolescents. A study published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence found that playing violent video games was associated with higher levels of aggressive behavior and reduced prosocial behavior among teenagers.

Anticipated Questions:

Opponent’s Question: Isn’t it possible that other factors contribute to aggression in youth, and video games may not be the sole cause?

·       Response: While it’s true that multiple factors can contribute to aggression, research has consistently shown a correlation between violent video games and aggressive behavior, even when controlling for other variables. This suggests a significant influence of these games on young minds.

Opponent’s Question: What about the importance of personal choice and parental responsibility in regulating children’s exposure to video games?

·       Response: We believe in personal choice and parental responsibility as well. However, considering the potential negative consequences of violent video games, banning them would provide an additional layer of protection for young minds, especially when it comes to those who may not have effective parental guidance.

In conclusion, the potential risks associated with violent video games cannot be ignored. The well-being of our youth and the broader society is at stake. Banning these games may be a step towards ensuring a healthier and more responsible digital entertainment culture. Thank you.

Q3. Due to some misunderstanding you had an argument with your friend. Write a letter to that friend apologising and clarifying your position as you do not want to lose a good friend like him/her.

Ans.

[Your Name]

[Your Address]

[City, State, ZIP]

[Email Address]

[Phone Number]

[Date]

[Friend’s Name]

[Friend’s Address]

[City, State, ZIP]

Dear [Friend’s Name],

I hope this letter finds you in good health and spirits. I wanted to take a moment to express my sincere apologies for the recent argument we had. The misunderstanding that occurred has been bothering me, and I feel it’s important for us to address it and clarify our positions.

First and foremost, I want to emphasize how much our friendship means to me. You are someone I hold in high regard, and the thought of losing a good friend like you is something I deeply regret. The disagreement we had was unfortunate, and I truly wish it hadn’t escalated to that point.

Upon reflection, I understand that my perspective might not have come across as intended during our argument. The heat of the moment clouded my ability to express myself clearly, and for that, I am truly sorry. My intention was never to hurt your feelings or to undermine our friendship in any way.

I believe that open and honest communication is the foundation of any strong relationship. That’s why I wanted to write this letter to offer my sincere apologies and to clarify my position on the matter. I value your insights and opinions, and I want to ensure that we can discuss our differences in a respectful and understanding manner.

I would be more than willing to sit down and have a heart-to-heart conversation about what happened. It’s important to me that we clear the air and move past this misunderstanding. Please let me know when you’re available, and I would be more than happy to arrange a time to talk.

Once again, I am truly sorry for any hurt or frustration I may have caused. I value our friendship immensely and am committed to working through this together. Please know that I am here for you, and I hope we can put this behind us and continue cherishing the wonderful bond we share.

Looking forward to hearing from you and hoping for a chance to reconcile.

Warmest regards,

[Your Name]

Q4. Write a dialogue between the mothers of two college going friends about how the youngsters are dealing with online classes and examinations.

Ans.

Mother A (Mrs. Smith): Oh, hello! It’s been a while since we caught up. How have you been?

Mother B (Mrs. Johnson): Hello! Yes, it has been a busy time. With the kids having online classes and exams, things have been quite hectic. How about you?

Mrs. Smith: I completely understand. It’s been quite a challenge adjusting to this new normal of online education. Emily has been managing her classes, but I can sense that she misses the interaction of being in a physical classroom.

Mrs. Johnson: Same here. John has his moments too. He’s coping well with the online classes, but he’s mentioned how much he misses the spontaneous discussions and interactions with his classmates. It’s just not the same through a screen.

Mrs. Smith: I couldn’t agree more. And the whole examination process has taken a toll on them as well. Emily has been telling me how the shift to online exams has brought a different kind of stress. She worries about technical glitches and not being able to communicate with the professors as easily.

Mrs. Johnson: Oh, I can relate. John has faced a few technical issues during his exams as well. It’s frustrating for them, especially when they’re trying to focus on answering questions. Plus, the added pressure of being in their own space can sometimes be distracting.

Mrs. Smith: Absolutely. And you know, they also miss the camaraderie of studying together and prepping for exams as a group. Now, it’s mostly just them and their laptops.

Mrs. Johnson: I know what you mean. John used to have study groups with his friends, and they’d review notes and help each other out. It’s different when you’re doing it alone in your room.

Mrs. Smith: Well, at least they have each other as friends. Emily and John seem to be supporting each other through these challenging times.

Mrs. Johnson: That’s true. I’ve noticed they exchange notes and tips for managing the online setup. It’s nice to see them helping each other out.

Mrs. Smith: Indeed. And I suppose as mothers, all we can do is be there for them, lend an ear when they need to vent, and encourage them to do their best despite the circumstances.

Mrs. Johnson: Absolutely. We’ll get through this together, just like they’re navigating their way through these online classes and exams.

Mrs. Smith: You’re right. It’s a learning experience for all of us. Let’s hope things get better soon, and they can go back to a more normal college life.

Mrs. Johnson: Let’s keep our fingers crossed. In the meantime, we’ll continue to provide them with all the support and encouragement they need.

Mrs. Smith: Definitely. It was great catching up and sharing our experiences. Let’s keep in touch and see how things progress for our youngsters.

Mrs. Johnson: Absolutely. Take care, and let’s hope for the best for our kids.

Mrs. Smith: You too. Take care and stay safe. Goodbye for now!

Mrs. Johnson: Goodbye! Stay well and stay positive!

Q5.

a. Prepare a rough draft (5 points) to promote a small start-up that deals in home cooked meals delivered at doorstep.

Ans. Here’s a rough draft with 5 points to promote a small start-up that offers home-cooked meals delivered to customers’ doorsteps:

Introduction:

Introduce the start-up and its main concept: delivering delicious and nutritious home-cooked meals to customers.

Highlight the growing demand for convenient and healthy food options in today’s busy world.

Quality Ingredients and Authentic Flavors:

Emphasize the use of fresh, locally sourced ingredients that ensure the highest quality and flavor in every meal.

Highlight the authenticity of the recipes, capturing the essence of homemade cooking that brings comfort and nostalgia.

Variety and Customization:

Showcase the diverse menu options available to cater to various tastes, dietary preferences, and cultural backgrounds.

Mention the flexibility for customers to customize their orders, ensuring that every meal suits their preferences and needs.

Convenience and Contactless Delivery:

Highlight the convenience of doorstep delivery, saving customers valuable time and effort in meal preparation.

Mention the safety measures in place for contactless delivery, ensuring the health and well-being of customers during these times.

Supporting Local and Personal Touch:

Share the story behind the start-up, emphasizing its roots in the local community and the personal touch that goes into each meal.

Encourage customers to support a small business that values authenticity, connection, and bringing people together through food.

[Note: This is a basic rough draft. You can expand upon each point with more details, incorporate specific examples, and add any unique selling points or special offers that your start-up might have.]

b. Develop the rough draft that you have prepared into a pamphlet.

Ans. Here’s how you can develop the rough draft into a pamphlet promoting the small start-up that delivers home-cooked meals:

[Image: Logo of the Start-Up]

Delicious Home-Cooked Meals Delivered to Your Doorstep

Experience the Comfort of Homemade Goodness!

Are you craving the taste of authentic, homemade meals without the hassle of cooking? Look no further! We’re excited to introduce our start-up that specializes in delivering mouthwatering home-cooked meals right to your doorstep.

Quality Ingredients, Authentic Flavors

At [Start-Up Name], we believe in the power of fresh, locally sourced ingredients to create flavors that transport you back to your grandma’s kitchen. Our dedicated chefs pour love and passion into every dish, ensuring each bite is filled with the warmth of homemade goodness.

Variety and Customization

From traditional comfort foods to international delicacies, our menu boasts a wide range of options to suit all palates. Plus, we understand that everyone’s preferences are unique. That’s why we offer customizable orders, allowing you to tailor your meal just the way you like it.

Convenience and Contactless Delivery

Say goodbye to long hours in the kitchen! Our hassle-free service brings the kitchen to your doorstep. Enjoy the luxury of having delicious, ready-to-eat meals delivered right to your home or office. And worry not – your health and safety are our top priorities. Our contactless delivery ensures you can savor every bite worry-free.

Supporting Local, Adding a Personal Touch

When you choose [Start-Up Name], you’re not just enjoying a meal – you’re supporting a local business that values community, authenticity, and connection. Our roots run deep in this neighborhood, and we take pride in adding a personal touch to every dish we serve.

How to Order

Ordering your favorite home-cooked meals is as easy as pie! Visit our website [Website URL], explore our menu, and place your order in a few clicks. You can also give us a call at [Phone Number] to discuss your preferences and place an order with our friendly team.

Discover the joy of indulging in meals that remind you of home – only without the hassle. Treat yourself to the taste of tradition with [Start-Up Name]. Your satisfaction is our promise.

[Image: Delicious Meals]

Made with Love for You

Contact Us

Website: [Website URL]

Phone: [Phone Number]

Email: [Email Address]

Follow us on social media: [Social Media Handles]

[Note: Replace placeholders with actual information, add images that represent your meals, and make any necessary design adjustments for a visually appealing pamphlet.]

Q.6.

a. Write a paragraph (200 words) on Child Labour in India.

Ans. Child labour remains a pressing issue in India despite significant strides towards social and economic development. The prevalence of child labour is a complex consequence of poverty, lack of educational opportunities, and inadequate enforcement of child labour laws. Children, often from marginalized and vulnerable communities, are forced to work in hazardous conditions in various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work. This practice deprives them of their childhood, education, and the opportunity to develop their potential.

Child labour not only violates the rights of children but also perpetuates the cycle of poverty and social inequality. Many child labourers endure physical and psychological exploitation, working long hours for minimal wages under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. This robs them of their right to a proper education, leading to limited future opportunities and perpetuating a cycle of intergenerational poverty.

Efforts have been made by the Indian government, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies to address this issue through legislative measures, awareness campaigns, and social programs. The Right to Education Act and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act are steps in the right direction, but the effective implementation and enforcement of these laws remain challenging.

Solving the problem of child labour requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses poverty, improves access to quality education, strengthens social safety nets, and ensures the effective enforcement of laws. By breaking the cycle of child labour, India can offer its children a brighter future and contribute to a more equitable and just society.

b. Edit the following paragraph using appropriate spellings and punctuation marks: For my eigteenth (1) birthday I wanted to invite many friends. I sent a (2) invitation to Ritu (3) Charu (4) Diksha and Abhinav (5) I decorted (6) my house and cooked many delicasies (7). I weighted (8) for my friends but no one came (9) I was brokehearted (10).

Ans. For my eighteenth birthday, I wanted to invite many friends. I sent invitations to Ritu, Charu, Diksha, and Abhinav. I decorated my house and cooked many delicacies. I waited for my friends, but no one came. I was heartbroken.