Q1. Define news. Explain the characteristics that qualify news.

Ans. Definition of News:

News is information about recent events or developments that is disseminated to the public through various media outlets, such as newspapers, television, radio, websites, and social media. It is a primary means of keeping the public informed about what is happening in the world, both locally and globally.

Characteristics that Qualify News:

1.Timeliness: News is characterized by its immediacy and relevance to current events. It is about what is happening now or has just happened. News stories are expected to be up-todate, reflecting recent developments.

2.Impact: News stories often focus on events or issues that have a significant impact on individuals, communities, or society at large. They provide information that people need to know to make informed decisions or understand the world around them.

3.Proximity: News typically centers on events or issues that are geographically or emotionally close to the audience. Local news covers events in the immediate area, while national and international news covers events of broader interest.

4.Conflict: Conflict, whether it’s political, social, or personal, often drives news stories. Conflicts between individuals, groups, or nations are newsworthy because they capture public attention.

5.Prominence: News often features individuals or entities that are notable or influential. Celebrities, political leaders, and public figures are frequently the subjects of news stories due to their prominence.

6.Human Interest: News stories may focus on the human aspect of an event, highlighting personal experiences, emotions, and the impact on individuals. These stories connect with readers or viewers on an emotional level.

7.Novelty and Rarity: Unusual, rare, or unexpected events tend to attract attention and become news. Stories that defy expectations or norms can be considered newsworthy.

8.Currency: News content must be relevant to the current social, political, economic, or cultural context. It reflects the issues and concerns of the time in which it is presented.

9.Objectivity: News is typically presented in an objective, unbiased, and balanced manner. Journalists strive to report facts without imposing their own opinions or biases.

10.Credibility and Accuracy: News must be credible and accurate. The credibility of news sources and the accuracy of the information presented are essential for maintaining trust with the audience.

11.Public Interest: News stories are selected based on their potential to serve the public interest. Journalists and news organizations aim to inform the public about topics and events that matter to society.

12.Multiple Perspectives: Quality news often presents multiple perspectives on an issue, allowing the audience to gain a well-rounded understanding of the topic. This can involve interviews with experts, witnesses, or stakeholders.

13.Continuity: News is an ongoing process. It is not limited to a single event but is part of a continuous stream of information that keeps the audience informed about evolving developments.

14.Conciseness: News stories are typically concise and to the point. They convey essential information efficiently, recognizing that readers and viewers often have limited time and attention.

15.Relevance: News must be relevant to the audience it serves. It should align with the interests, concerns, and needs of the target audience.

Overall, news is a dynamic and evolving form of communication that provides timely, relevant, and objective information about events and issues that impact society. The characteristics mentioned above help define what is considered newsworthy and guide the selection and presentation of news stories by media outlets.

What is the difference between hard news and soft news? Explain citing suitable examples. Ans. Hard news and soft news are two distinct categories of news content that differ in terms of their characteristics, topics, and style of reporting. Here’s an explanation of the differences between hard news and soft news, along with suitable examples:

Hard News:

1.Characteristics:

•Objective and Straightforward: Hard news is presented in a straightforward, factual, and objective manner. It is typically written in an inverted pyramid style, with the most important information presented at the beginning.

•Timely: Hard news focuses on current, often breaking, events and developments. It is characterized by its timeliness, reflecting the latest information.

•Serious Tone: Hard news stories maintain a serious and formal tone. They prioritize accuracy and objectivity, aiming to inform the audience about important events.

•Significance: Hard news stories cover events or issues of significant public interest, often related to politics, crime, economics, international affairs, disasters, and major societal developments.

2.Examples:

•Election Results: Reporting the outcome of a national election with a focus on the winners, voter turnout, and potential implications.

•Natural Disasters: Coverage of a hurricane, earthquake, or other natural disasters, including details on the impact, response efforts, and casualties.

•Economic Indicators: Reporting on stock market performance, unemployment rates, inflation data, and other economic indicators that can have a direct impact on the economy.

•Political Developments: Stories about government policy changes, political conflicts, diplomatic negotiations, and significant legislative actions.

Soft News:

1.Characteristics:

•Human Interest: Soft news often focuses on human-interest stories, personal profiles, and human emotions. It may include elements of storytelling and narrative.

•Less Timely: Soft news stories are less time-sensitive and may not be directly linked to current events. They can be more evergreen in nature.

•Entertaining and Light-Hearted: Soft news stories tend to be more entertaining, amusing, or heartwarming. They can be characterized by a lighter and more relaxed tone.

•Broader Topics: Soft news covers a wide range of topics, including lifestyle, culture, entertainment, celebrity gossip, travel, health, and feature stories.

2.Examples:

•Feature Profiles: Profiles of individuals with unique or inspiring life stories, such as a cancer survivor, an artist, or a humanitarian worker.

•Entertainment News: Coverage of film and music awards, celebrity interviews, and updates on the entertainment industry.

•Travel and Lifestyle: Articles about travel destinations, food and restaurant reviews, fashion trends, and health and wellness tips.

•Feel-Good Stories: Stories about acts of kindness, community events, and heartwarming moments, such as a local charity event or a rescuer saving an animal.

Key Difference:

The primary difference between hard news and soft news lies in their subject matter and the manner in which they are presented. Hard news focuses on serious and significant events presented objectively and with a focus on timeliness. Soft news, on the other hand, encompasses a wide range of topics, often presented in a more engaging and less time-sensitive manner. While hard news aims to inform, soft news often aims to entertain, inspire, or provide a more relaxed and enjoyable reading experience for the audience.

Q2. Differentiate between the following formats of writing news reports: 

(i)Inverted Pyramid 

Ans. The Inverted Pyramid and the 5Ws and 1H are two distinct formats for writing news reports, each with its own structure and approach to presenting information. Here’s a differentiation between the two:

Inverted Pyramid:

1.Structure:

•The Inverted Pyramid structure places the most critical information at the beginning of the news report, followed by progressively less important details.

•The core facts and key elements of the story are presented in the opening paragraphs, and the report proceeds with additional information in descending order of importance.

2.Priority:

•The Inverted Pyramid prioritizes brevity and clarity. It is designed to allow readers to grasp the most critical aspects of the story quickly.

•This format acknowledges that readers may not read the entire article, so they should still have the essential information even if they only read the first few paragraphs.

3.Use Case:

•The Inverted Pyramid is commonly used for hard news stories, where the primary objective is to deliver the critical facts efficiently. It is particularly suitable for breaking news or news articles that require immediate understanding of the main points.

4.Example:

•In a news report about a fire at a factory, the Inverted Pyramid would present the headline, the location, the number of casualties, and the cause of the fire in the opening paragraphs, followed by additional details, quotes, and context in subsequent paragraphs.

(ii)5Ws and 1H

Ans. 5Ws and 1H:

1.Structure:

•The 5Ws and 1H structure is based on answering six key questions: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Each of these questions is addressed in the news report to provide a comprehensive understanding of the event or issue.

2.Priority:

•The 5Ws and 1H format prioritizes completeness and thoroughness. It aims to ensure that readers have a well-rounded view of the news story by addressing all six questions.

3.Use Case:

•This format is often used for feature stories, investigative journalism, and in-depth reporting, where the goal is to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed account of an event, issue, or topic.

4.Example:

•In a news report about a new government policy, the 5Ws and 1H approach would answer the following questions: Who implemented the policy, What the policy entails, When it was introduced, Where it applies, Why it was introduced, and How it will be implemented.

Key Difference:

The main difference between the Inverted Pyramid and the 5Ws and 1H formats lies in their approach to information prioritization and depth of coverage. The Inverted Pyramid emphasizes brevity and immediate comprehension, focusing on the most crucial facts at the beginning. The 5Ws and 1H format, in contrast, prioritizes completeness and thoroughness, ensuring that all key questions are answered to provide a comprehensive understanding of the news story. The choice of format depends on the type of news and the level of detail required for the audience.

OR

Explain any two of the following: 

(i)Penny press

Ans. The “Penny Press” refers to a significant development in the history of newspapers and journalism that occurred in the early to mid-19th century in the United States. This term is used to describe a new kind of newspaper that was sold at a very low cost, typically for one cent, making it affordable and accessible to a much broader segment of the population. The Penny Press played a pivotal role in transforming the newspaper industry and the way news was disseminated. Here’s an explanation of the Penny Press: Key Characteristics and Significance:

1.Low Cost: The defining characteristic of the Penny Press was its affordability. Prior to the Penny Press, newspapers were relatively expensive and often targeted a more affluent and educated audience. The introduction of one-cent newspapers made them accessible to a much wider demographic, including the working class.

2.Mass Circulation: The low cost of Penny Press newspapers led to a dramatic increase in circulation. These newspapers were able to reach a mass audience, and they became an integral part of American urban life, especially in rapidly growing cities.

3.Local News and Sensationalism: Penny Press newspapers focused on local news and sensational stories. They reported on crime, scandals, human-interest stories, and other topics that captured the public’s attention. This approach helped boost readership.

4.Advertising: Penny Press newspapers played a key role in the development of modern advertising. By expanding their circulation and targeting a diverse audience, they attracted advertisers who saw the potential to reach a broad range of consumers.

5.Innovative Journalism: The Penny Press era saw the rise of innovative journalistic practices. Reporters and editors aimed to engage readers and tell stories in a compelling way. This approach contributed to the development of modern journalistic techniques and writing styles.

6.Political Influence: Many Penny Press newspapers were affiliated with political parties, and they used their publications to promote their respective political agendas. This played a significant role in shaping public opinion and contributed to the era’s political discourse.

7.Competitive Nature: The proliferation of Penny Press newspapers led to intense competition among publishers. This competition drove innovation, encouraged the pursuit of compelling stories, and kept newspaper prices low.

Notable Penny Press Newspapers:

•The New York Sun: Founded in 1833 by Benjamin Day, The New York Sun was one of the pioneering Penny Press newspapers. It is known for its coverage of local news and humaninterest stories.

•The New York Herald: Founded by James Gordon Bennett in 1835, The New York Herald was another influential Penny Press newspaper that featured a mix of local news, sensational stories, and innovations in journalism.

•The Philadelphia Public Ledger: This newspaper, founded in 1836, played a significant role in the growth of the Penny Press in Philadelphia. It was known for its local news coverage. The Penny Press era marked a democratization of news consumption, making information more accessible to a broader segment of society. This transformation laid the groundwork for modern newspaper practices, including the emphasis on engaging storytelling and advertising-driven revenue models. The influence of the Penny Press continues to be felt in the journalism industry and the way news is presented to the public.

(ii)Tabloid press

Ans. Tabloid press, also known as tabloid journalism, refers to a style of journalism and newspaper publishing that is characterized by several distinct features. Tabloid newspapers are typically smaller in size compared to broadsheet newspapers and are known for their focus on sensational and eyecatching stories. Here are the key characteristics and aspects of tabloid press:

1.Compact Size: Tabloid newspapers are smaller in physical dimensions than broadsheets. They are easier to handle and are often more convenient for readers on the go.

2.Sensationalism: Tabloids prioritize sensational and attention-grabbing stories. These stories often include celebrity gossip, crime reports, scandalous revelations, and emotional humaninterest stories. The emphasis is on stories that can captivate and provoke strong reactions from readers.

3.Eye-Catching Headlines: Tabloids use bold, large, and attention-grabbing headlines to draw readers in. These headlines are often accompanied by photographs, graphics, or illustrations that are meant to pique curiosity.

4.Shorter Articles: Articles in tabloid newspapers tend to be shorter and more concise than those in broadsheets. The focus is on providing the core information quickly and in an engaging manner.

5.Entertainment and Pop Culture: Tabloids place a heavy emphasis on entertainment, including coverage of celebrities, film, television, and popular culture. They often feature celebrity profiles, gossip columns, and coverage of entertainment events.

6.Less Emphasis on Politics: While tabloids may cover politics, their political reporting is generally less extensive and in-depth compared to broadsheets. They may use a more simplified and opinionated approach to political stories.

7.Human-Interest Stories: Tabloids are known for their coverage of human-interest stories that elicit strong emotions, such as stories of survival, personal triumph, or tragedy.

8.Local Events and Scandals: Tabloids often focus on local events and scandals, catering to the interests of the community in which they are published.

9.Daily Frequency: Many tabloid newspapers are published daily, providing readers with frequent updates on the latest stories and events.

10.Advertising: Tabloids rely heavily on advertising revenue. The sensational and eye-catching content is meant to attract readers and, in turn, advertisers. Examples of Tabloid Newspapers:

•The Sun (UK): Known for its sensational headlines and celebrity gossip.

•The National Enquirer (USA): Famous for its coverage of celebrity scandals and sensational stories.

•The Daily Mail (UK): While it has some broadsheet elements, it also features tabloid-style reporting, particularly in its online version.

•The New York Post (USA): A prominent tabloid newspaper in the United States known for its bold headlines and celebrity coverage.

It’s important to note that while tabloid press is often associated with sensationalism and entertainment, not all tabloid newspapers follow the same editorial approach. Some may incorporate elements of serious news reporting alongside their more sensational content. The presentation and content of tabloid newspapers can vary widely, and their editorial choices reflect the interests and preferences of their target audience.

(iii)Yellow Journalism

Ans. Yellow journalism is a style of journalism that emerged in the late 19th century, characterized by sensationalism, exaggeration, and the use of bold, eye-catching headlines and illustrations to attract readers. It often prioritizes shocking and scandalous stories over objective reporting and is associated with the unethical practices of the time. The term “yellow journalism” is often used to refer to sensationalistic and tabloid-like reporting. Here are the key characteristics and aspects of yellow journalism:

1.Sensationalism: Yellow journalism is known for sensational and exaggerated stories that prioritize shock value and entertainment over accuracy and objectivity. Stories are often embellished or even fabricated to captivate readers.

2.Dramatic Headlines: Bold, large headlines are used to draw readers’ attention to the most sensational aspects of a story. These headlines are designed to provoke strong emotional reactions.

3.Emotional Appeals: Yellow journalism often relies on emotional appeals to readers. Stories may be emotionally charged, and the use of vivid language is common.

4.Use of Illustrations: Yellow journalism incorporates illustrations, photographs, and drawings to visually enhance and dramatize stories. These visuals are intended to further engage the audience.

5.Exaggeration: Facts may be distorted, exaggerated, or taken out of context to create a more sensational narrative. Exaggeration is used to make stories seem more exciting or alarming.

6.Conflict and Scandals: Yellow journalism often focuses on conflict, scandals, and personal disputes. It frequently includes stories related to crime, celebrity scandals, and political controversies.

7.Political Influence: Historically, yellow journalism was associated with promoting the interests of certain political factions and using news coverage to advance particular agendas.

8.Competition: Yellow journalism was driven by fierce competition among newspapers for readership. Newspapers engaged in sensationalism to outsell their rivals and increase circulation.

9.Ethical Concerns: Yellow journalism was criticized for its disregard of journalistic ethics, including accuracy, fairness, and truthfulness. It was often seen as prioritizing profit and sensationalism over responsible reporting.

Origins and Historical Context:

Yellow journalism became prominent in the late 19th century, particularly during the circulation wars between two New York City newspapers, the New York World (owned by Joseph Pulitzer) and the New York Journal (owned by William Randolph Hearst). Both publications engaged in sensational reporting to boost sales, with headlines and stories designed to appeal to a broad audience.

One of the most famous examples of yellow journalism was the coverage of the sinking of the USS Maine in 1898, which played a role in building public support for the Spanish-American War. The sensationalized reporting contributed to shaping public opinion, and the war followed.

While yellow journalism has historical significance, it is generally viewed negatively in the context of responsible journalism. Today, the term is often used to criticize sensational and unethical reporting practices that prioritize profit and entertainment value over journalistic integrity and accuracy.

Q3. Elucidate the differences between print and online journalism. Cite examples to explain the same.

Ans. Print journalism and online journalism are two distinct forms of news reporting, each with its unique characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Here are the key differences between the two, along with examples to illustrate these distinctions:

1.Medium of Publication:

•Print Journalism: Print journalism primarily involves newspapers, magazines, and other physical publications. It is based on traditional, tangible formats that readers hold in their hands.

•Online Journalism: Online journalism, also known as digital journalism, is delivered through the internet. It encompasses news websites, blogs, social media, and other digital platforms. Example: A print newspaper like The New York Times in its traditional paper format represents print journalism. In contrast, The New York Times website, with its online articles, videos, and multimedia content, exemplifies online journalism.

2.Speed of Delivery:

•Print Journalism: Print publications have set publication schedules (daily, weekly, or monthly). They provide news that is typically not as up-to-the-minute as online sources.

•Online Journalism: Online news is immediate and constantly updated. News websites can provide real-time updates on breaking stories and events.

Example: A daily print newspaper like The Washington Post delivers news with a delay due to its publication schedule. In contrast, The Washington Post’s online version continuously updates news throughout the day.

3.Interactivity:

•Print Journalism: Print publications are static and non-interactive. Readers have limited opportunities to engage with the content or provide feedback.

•Online Journalism: Online journalism allows for interactivity. Readers can comment on articles, share content on social media, and participate in discussions or polls related to news stories.

Example: The print edition of National Geographic offers a static experience. On the other hand, the National Geographic website allows readers to comment on articles, share content, and interact with multimedia features.

4.Multimedia Content:

•Print Journalism: Print publications typically rely on text and still images. They have limited capacity for audio and video content.

•Online Journalism: Online journalism incorporates multimedia elements, including videos, podcasts, interactive graphics, and live streams. It offers a more immersive and visually engaging experience.

Example: A print magazine like Time primarily features written articles and static images. Time’s online version, however, includes videos, multimedia presentations, and interactive infographics.

5.Accessibility and Reach:

•Print Journalism: Print publications have a limited geographic reach and are often constrained by distribution logistics. They may not be accessible to a global audience without international distribution.

•Online Journalism: Online news has a global reach and is accessible to a wide audience. It can be instantly accessed by anyone with an internet connection.

Example: The print edition of The Guardian is primarily available in the UK and select international locations. In contrast, The Guardian’s website is accessible to a worldwide audience.

6.Monetization and Advertising:

•Print Journalism: Print publications traditionally rely on subscription fees and advertising revenue. Advertisements are static and have space limitations.

•Online Journalism: Online news often offers free access to readers, supported by digital advertising. Digital advertising can include various formats, such as banners, video ads, and sponsored content.

Example: The print version of Forbes generates revenue through subscriptions and display advertisements. Forbes’ online presence utilizes digital advertising, including banner ads and native advertising.

7.Archive and Searchability:

•Print Journalism: Print publications may require physical archives for access to past issues, and searching for specific articles can be time-consuming.

•Online Journalism: Online articles are easily archived, searchable, and retrievable. Readers can quickly locate and access past news stories.

Example: A print edition of The New Yorker may require physical storage for past issues. In contrast, The New Yorker’s online archive allows readers to search for and access articles dating back to its inception.

These differences illustrate how print and online journalism offer distinct ways of delivering news, each with its own advantages and challenges. While print journalism has a traditional and tangible appeal, online journalism provides immediacy, interactivity, and a global reach that caters to the digital age and evolving reader preferences.

OR

How is traditional journalism different from online journalism?

Ans. Traditional journalism and online journalism represent two distinct approaches to the practice of news reporting, each with its own characteristics and methodologies. Here’s how they differ:

Traditional Journalism:

1.Medium of Publication: Traditional journalism primarily involves print publications (newspapers, magazines) and broadcast media (television and radio). It is based on tangible, physical formats.

2.Scheduled Delivery: Traditional journalism follows set publication schedules. Newspapers are typically delivered daily, weekly, or monthly, while television and radio news programs have specific time slots.

3.Editorial Process: In traditional journalism, the editorial process is meticulous and typically involves a team of editors and fact-checkers. Stories go through several layers of review before publication or broadcast.

4.Content Focus: Traditional journalism tends to focus on in-depth reporting and analysis. Articles and stories are typically longer and more detailed, offering comprehensive coverage of events.

5.Monetization: Revenue in traditional journalism primarily comes from sources such as subscriptions, newsstand sales, and advertising in print publications. In broadcast media, advertising plays a significant role.

6.Limited Interactivity: Traditional journalism is less interactive. Readers or viewers have limited opportunities to provide feedback or engage with the content.

7.Distribution: Traditional journalism relies on physical distribution channels, such as newspaper delivery and broadcast towers. Distribution logistics and costs can be a significant challenge.

8.Geographic Reach: Traditional media can have limited geographic reach. Local newspapers, for example, may serve a specific region or community.

Online Journalism:

1.Medium of Publication: Online journalism, also known as digital journalism, is delivered through the internet. It includes news websites, blogs, social media, and digital-only publications.

2.Immediate Delivery: Online journalism provides real-time news updates. Stories can be published and accessed instantly, making it well-suited for breaking news.

3.Digital Tools: The editorial process in online journalism often incorporates digital tools and content management systems. Stories can be published quickly, and updates can be made in real-time.

4.Content Focus: Online journalism may feature shorter articles and multimedia content, including videos, interactive graphics, and live streams. It is designed for a fast-paced online environment.

5.Monetization: Revenue in online journalism often comes from digital advertising, sponsored content, and, in some cases, subscription models. Advertisements can take various digital forms, such as banner ads and video ads.

6.Interactivity: Online journalism is highly interactive. Readers can comment on articles, share content on social media, participate in discussions, and engage with multimedia features.

7.Global Reach: Online journalism has a global reach. It can be accessed by a worldwide audience with an internet connection, making it accessible to a diverse and broad readership.

8.Archiving and Searchability: Online articles are easily archived, searchable, and retrievable. Readers can quickly locate and access past news stories.

9.Adaptive Reporting: Online journalism often adapts to the digital environment by incorporating data journalism, audience engagement, and analytics to tailor content and improve reader experience.

Example: A print newspaper like The Wall Street Journal represents traditional journalism. Its online counterpart, The Wall Street Journal’s website, exemplifies online journalism, offering real-time news updates, multimedia content, and a global reach.

These differences highlight how traditional journalism and online journalism cater to different reader preferences and technological advancements. Traditional journalism often emphasizes indepth reporting and established editorial processes, while online journalism offers immediacy, interactivity, and multimedia content in a digital environment.

Section-B

Q4. How does a news reporter utilize news sources for writing a news story? Explain. Also, discuss the significance of “cultivating’ news sources for journalists.

Ans. News reporters rely on a variety of news sources to gather information and data for writing news stories. The utilization of news sources is a critical aspect of the news gathering process. Here’s how news reporters utilize news sources and why cultivating these sources is significant:

Utilization of News Sources:

1.Primary Sources: News reporters seek information from primary sources, which are individuals or organizations directly involved in or knowledgeable about an event or issue. These sources can include government officials, eyewitnesses, experts, and those directly affected by the news.

2.Official Statements: Reporters often obtain information from official statements, press releases, and public documents issued by government agencies, corporations, or organizations. These documents provide official information and statements related to an event.

3.Interviews: News reporters conduct interviews with key individuals who can provide insight into the news story. Interviews can take place in person, over the phone, or via email. Reporters may interview experts, eyewitnesses, and relevant stakeholders.

4.Public Records: News reporters access public records, such as court documents, government reports, and public databases, to gather facts and statistics related to their news stories. Public records can provide essential background information.

5.Background Research: Reporters use libraries, online databases, and archives to conduct research on the topic. This research helps reporters build context and depth in their reporting.

6.Social Media and Crowdsourcing: Social media platforms can serve as sources of information, particularly for breaking news. Reporters monitor social media for updates, user-generated content, and eyewitness accounts. Crowdsourcing may also be used to gather information from the public.

7.News Agencies and Wire Services: Journalists often rely on news agencies and wire services like the Associated Press (AP) or Reuters for breaking news alerts, syndicated articles, and updates from around the world.

8.Anonymous Sources: In some cases, reporters may use information from anonymous sources who provide sensitive or confidential information. The use of anonymous sources is subject to ethical considerations and journalistic standards.

Significance of “Cultivating” News Sources:

1.Access to Exclusive Information: Building and maintaining relationships with sources can grant reporters access to exclusive information and insights. Sources may provide valuable tips or inside information that is not available to other reporters.

2.Verification and Fact-Checking: Trusted sources can help verify the accuracy of information. Reporters can cross-reference data and statements with their sources to ensure the credibility of their stories.

3.Context and Analysis: Cultivated sources can offer valuable context and analysis, helping reporters understand the deeper implications of a story and providing expert opinions and insights.

4.Timely Updates: Sources can provide real-time updates on evolving situations, enabling reporters to provide up-to-the-minute coverage of breaking news.

5.Enhanced Reporting: By building relationships with sources, journalists can enhance the depth and quality of their reporting. They can gain access to multiple perspectives and diverse viewpoints, resulting in more balanced and comprehensive news stories.

6.Ethical Considerations: Maintaining ethical standards in journalism is crucial. Cultivating sources allows reporters to build trust and ethical rapport with individuals and organizations, ensuring responsible and ethical news reporting.

7.Professional Growth: Developing relationships with sources can enhance a reporter’s professional growth and reputation within the journalism community. Sources may recommend reporters for future opportunities and collaborations.

In summary, news reporters utilize a wide range of news sources to gather information, data, and quotes for their news stories. Cultivating these sources, or building and maintaining relationships with them, is significant because it enhances access to exclusive information, fosters ethical reporting, and provides valuable context and analysis, ultimately contributing to high-quality journalism. It also allows reporters to provide their audience with timely and accurate news coverage.

OR

What are the various components of a news story? State differences between, by-line, credit line and date line with suitable examples.

Ans. A news story typically consists of several components that are essential for conveying information to the audience in a clear and structured manner. These components include the headline, by-line, lead, body text, and additional elements such as the credit line and date line. Here’s an explanation of each component and the differences between the by-line, credit line, and date line, along with suitable examples:

Components of a News Story:

1.Headline: The headline is a concise and attention-grabbing title that summarizes the main point of the news story. It serves as the first point of engagement for readers, and it should convey the most important aspect of the story.

2.By-Line: The by-line, also known as the byline, is the line that identifies the author or reporter responsible for the story. It appears at the beginning or end of the article, indicating who wrote the news report.

3.Lead: The lead, or lede, is the opening paragraph of the news story. It should provide the most crucial information, answering the who, what, when, where, why, and how questions in a concise and engaging manner. The lead is designed to capture the reader’s attention and convey the essence of the story.

4.Body Text: The body of the news story contains the main content and details. It provides a comprehensive account of the news event, including quotes, facts, and relevant information. The body text is organized in paragraphs and follows the inverted pyramid structure, with the most important details at the beginning and less critical information following.

5.Credit Line: The credit line is a line that appears at the end of the news story, giving credit to the source of the information or data used in the article. It acknowledges the origin of the content that the reporter has used.

6.Date Line: The date line specifies the location from which the story is reported and the date on which it was written. It helps readers understand the geographical context and timeliness of the news.

Differences Between By-Line, Credit Line, and Date Line:

1.By-Line:

•The by-line identifies the author or reporter responsible for writing the news story.

•It typically appears at the beginning or end of the article.

•The by-line helps readers know who wrote the article and provides accountability for the content.

•Example: “By John Smith” or “Reported by Jane Doe.”

2.Credit Line:

•The credit line acknowledges the source of information or data used in the article.

•It appears at the end of the news story, near the credits or acknowledgments.

•The credit line is used to give credit to organizations or individuals who provided information or contributed to the article.

•Example: “Additional reporting by Associated Press” or “Data from the Department of Health.”

3.Date Line:

•The date line specifies the location where the news story is reported and the date it was written.

•It is typically placed at the beginning of the article, following the headline.

•The date line provides the geographic context and indicates the timeliness of the news event.

•Example: “New York, October 15, 2023” or “London, 2 hours ago.”

In summary, the by-line identifies the author or reporter, the credit line acknowledges sources, and the date line provides the location and date of the news report. These components help readers understand the authorship, sources, and context of a news story, contributing to transparency and credibility in journalism.

Q5. Trace the use of archives in the practice of news reporting.

Ans. Archives play a vital role in the practice of news reporting by providing journalists with access to historical records, past news stories, and a wealth of information that can be used for research, fact-checking, and context in contemporary news reporting. Here’s how archives are used in the field of news reporting:

1.Research and Background Information: Journalists use archives to research background information on various topics. They can access historical news stories, reports, and documents to gain a deeper understanding of current events or issues. This background research helps reporters provide context and historical perspective in their articles.

2.Fact-Checking: Archives serve as valuable resources for fact-checking. Reporters can crossreference current information with archived records to verify the accuracy of claims, statistics, and statements made in news stories.

3.Retrieving Historical Data: Archives are essential for retrieving historical data and statistics that can be incorporated into news reports. This data may include economic indicators, demographic information, or historical trends that can be used to support current news stories.

4.Obituary and Tribute Writing: When writing obituaries or tribute pieces, journalists consult archives to gather information about the life, accomplishments, and contributions of the deceased. Archival records, past articles, and historical background are used to create comprehensive obituaries.

5.In-Depth Features: For in-depth feature stories and investigative journalism, archives offer a treasure trove of information. Journalists can delve into historical records, documents, and old news stories to uncover hidden details and provide a comprehensive account of a particular issue.

6.Documentary and Historical Reporting: Some news organizations produce documentary and historical reports that rely heavily on archived material. Journalists may explore historical archives to produce documentaries that provide insights into the past.

7.Revisiting and Updating Stories: Archives allow reporters to revisit and update previous stories. For example, they can follow up on old investigations, assess the impact of past policies, or reevaluate historical events in the context of current developments.

8.Comparative Analysis: Archives facilitate comparative analysis by allowing journalists to compare past and present situations. This approach can help readers understand how events or trends have evolved over time.

9.Obtaining Quotes and Testimonials: Archives are a source of quotes, testimonials, and historical accounts that can be incorporated into news stories. Journalists may consult past interviews, speeches, or written statements.

10.Legacy and Anniversary Coverage: Journalists often use archives to celebrate anniversaries, historical events, or milestones. They can access past articles, photographs, and commentary to commemorate significant dates or events.

11.Legal and Investigative Reporting: In legal and investigative reporting, archives may be used to gather evidence, court records, and historical documents that support the reporting of legal cases or investigations.

12.Correction of Errors: Archives are invaluable in correcting errors and retractions. If a news organization discovers an error in a previous report, they can use archives to issue corrections or updates.

The availability of digital archives has significantly enhanced the accessibility and convenience of these resources for journalists. Digital archives have made it easier to search for specific information and access historical records from various sources. This has streamlined the research process and allowed reporters to work more efficiently in the fast-paced world of news reporting.

OR

Elaborate on the principles of clear writing of news as given by Robert Gunning.

Ans. Robert Gunning, a communication consultant and writer, is known for developing the Gunning Fog Index, a readability formula used to assess the clarity and understandability of written content, including news articles. Gunning’s principles of clear writing, as reflected in the Gunning Fog Index, emphasize simplicity, clarity, and readability. These principles are particularly relevant in news writing to ensure that information is easily comprehensible to a broad audience. Here are the key principles of clear news writing according to Robert Gunning:

1.Short Sentences: Gunning recommends using short sentences to make content more accessible and reader-friendly. Short sentences are easier to understand, and they prevent information from becoming overly complex.

2.Short Words: The use of short and familiar words is encouraged. This enhances clarity and ensures that the message is easily comprehensible. Avoid jargon and overly technical terms when simpler alternatives are available.

3.Active Voice: Employ the active voice in news writing. The active voice emphasizes the subject performing the action, which is generally more direct and easier for readers to follow than the passive voice.

4.Direct Statements: News writing should convey information directly and concisely. Avoid overly complex or convoluted sentences that may confuse readers.

5.Avoid Redundancy: Eliminate redundant words or phrases. Redundancy can clutter a sentence and make it less clear. Be concise and to the point.

6.Use Specific Examples: When providing details or explanations, use specific examples and concrete details to illustrate your points. This makes the content more relatable and understandable.

7.Consistent Tone and Style: Maintain a consistent tone and style throughout the article.

Consistency helps readers follow the narrative and makes the content flow more smoothly.

8.Headings and Subheadings: Use clear and descriptive headings and subheadings to break up the text and guide readers through the article. This enhances the organization and readability of the content.

9.Avoid Ambiguity: Ensure that sentences are not ambiguous or open to multiple interpretations. Clarity is achieved by using precise language and eliminating vagueness.

10.Punctuation and Grammar: Proper punctuation and adherence to grammatical rules are essential. Errors in punctuation and grammar can disrupt the flow of the content and confuse readers.

11.Engage the Reader: News writing should engage the reader by providing relevant and interesting information. Use hooks, anecdotes, and attention-grabbing headlines to draw readers into the story.

12.Define Acronyms and Abbreviations: If you use acronyms or abbreviations, define them upon first use to ensure readers understand their meaning. Subsequent references can use the abbreviation alone.

13.Clarity Over Complexity: Opt for simplicity and clarity over complexity. News writing should prioritize conveying the message clearly and effectively rather than showcasing elaborate language or complex sentence structures.

14.Audience-Centered: Keep the audience in mind and write with their interests and needs in focus. Address the “who, what, when, where, why, and how” in news stories to provide a complete and reader-centric perspective.

15.Editing and Proofreading: Careful editing and proofreading are crucial to ensure that the writing is error-free, concise, and coherent.

By adhering to these principles of clear writing, news reporters can make their content more accessible and understandable to a wide readership. This not only benefits the audience but also enhances the credibility and effectiveness of news reporting.

Q6. Do you agree that there are differences in the nature of the language used by Print, Electronic, and Online media? Elucidate.

Ans. Yes, there are differences in the nature of the language used by print, electronic (broadcast), and online media. Each medium has its unique characteristics and audience expectations, which influence the language and style of communication. Here’s an elucidation of these differences: Print Media:

1.Formal Language: Print media often employs a formal and structured style of language. Newspapers, magazines, and print publications aim to maintain a sense of authority and credibility, which is reflected in their language.

2.In-Depth Coverage: Print media has more space for in-depth reporting, allowing for detailed explanations and comprehensive analysis. This leads to longer articles with a focus on context and background information.

3.Editing and Proofreading: Print media typically undergoes thorough editing and proofreading processes to ensure the highest standards of grammar and language use.

4.Headlines and Headings: Headlines and subheadings are designed to be clear and concise, summarizing the main points of the story. They use formal language and adhere to style guidelines.

5.Clarity and Precision: Print media prioritizes clarity and precision in language use. Journalists aim to convey information accurately and effectively, avoiding ambiguity and complexity.

Electronic (Broadcast) Media:

1.Conversational Style: Broadcast media, including television and radio, often use a conversational and informal style of language. Broadcast journalists aim to communicate with viewers and listeners in a relatable manner.

2.Soundbites: Broadcast news often includes soundbites, which are short, quotable statements from interviews or reports. These are designed to be catchy and memorable.

3.Visual Elements: Television news, in particular, relies on visual elements to convey information. The use of images, video clips, and graphics complements the spoken language.

4.Time Constraints: Broadcast news has limited time for each story, so language must be concise and to the point. There’s an emphasis on delivering key information quickly.

5.Scripted Narration: Television and radio news scripts are carefully crafted to be spoken aloud. The language is designed for oral communication, with attention to pronunciation and pacing.

Online Media:

1.Brevity and Scannability: Online media, including news websites and social media, often use shorter sentences and paragraphs for scannability. Online readers tend to skim content.

2.Multimedia Integration: Online media frequently integrates multimedia elements, such as videos, images, and interactive features, to complement written content.

3.Interactivity: Online news allows for reader interaction, including comments, likes, shares, and discussions. The language may reflect a conversational tone in response to reader comments.

4.Hyperlinks: Online articles commonly include hyperlinks to additional resources, providing context and background information.

5.Headlines for SEO: Online headlines often prioritize search engine optimization (SEO) to increase discoverability. This may influence the choice of keywords and phrasing.

6.Real-Time Updates: Online media allows for real-time updates, which can result in rapid changes to the language as stories develop.

7.Diverse Platforms: Online media includes various platforms, from traditional news websites to social media, each with its own language conventions. Social media, for instance, encourages brevity and hashtags.

In summary, the nature of language used in print, electronic, and online media varies due to the unique characteristics and audience expectations of each medium. While print media emphasizes formality and in-depth reporting, electronic media adopts a conversational style with a focus on visuals, and online media prioritizes brevity, interactivity, and multimedia integration. The choice of language in each medium is adapted to meet the specific demands of its audience and platform.

OR

Describe the contribution of citizen journalism to development.

Ans. Citizen journalism, also known as participatory journalism, refers to the practice of ordinary individuals who are not professional journalists or reporters contributing to the process of news gathering, reporting, and dissemination. It has made several significant contributions to development in various ways:

1.Diverse Perspectives: Citizen journalism brings diverse voices and perspectives to the forefront. It allows marginalized or underrepresented communities to share their stories and concerns. This diversity helps in shedding light on issues that might not receive adequate attention from mainstream media.

2.Local News Coverage: Citizen journalists often focus on hyper-local news that mainstream media may overlook. This coverage can be crucial for local communities, helping them stay informed about events and developments that affect their daily lives.

3.Faster Reporting of Breaking News: With the ubiquity of smartphones and social media, citizen journalists can report on breaking news and events in real time. This rapid reporting can be instrumental in alerting authorities and the public to emergencies or significant events.

4.Accountability and Transparency: Citizen journalism acts as a check on power and authority. It allows individuals to hold governments, institutions, and corporations accountable by documenting and sharing information on wrongdoings, corruption, and abuses of power.

5.Amplifying Underreported Issues: Citizen journalists often cover issues that are underreported or ignored by traditional media. This can include environmental concerns, social justice issues, and human rights violations. By bringing attention to these topics, they contribute to awareness and potential solutions.

6.Community Empowerment: Citizen journalism empowers communities by giving them a platform to discuss, debate, and advocate for local issues. It can facilitate grassroots organizing and community mobilization.

7.Crowdsourced Data and Research: Citizen journalists contribute to data collection and research. For instance, they can document environmental changes, monitor elections, or compile information on public services and infrastructure. This data can be used for policy advocacy and decision-making.

8.Citizen Engagement: By participating in citizen journalism, individuals become more engaged in civic life and the issues affecting their communities. This engagement can lead to greater community cohesion and participation in development efforts.

9.Social Change and Activism: Citizen journalism can spark social change and activism. Exposing social injustices and advocating for change can lead to policy reforms and improvements in various areas, such as education, healthcare, and civil rights.

10.Global Connections: Citizen journalism is not limited by geographic boundaries. It enables global networking and collaboration among individuals with shared concerns. This can lead to international solidarity and cooperation on global development issues.

11.Training and Skill Development: Engaging in citizen journalism provides individuals with valuable skills in research, storytelling, digital literacy, and media production. These skills can improve employability and educational opportunities.

12.Alternative Media: Citizen journalism contributes to the diversity of media sources. This diversity ensures that citizens have access to a range of perspectives, countering potential media monopolies and biases.

While citizen journalism offers numerous benefits to development, it is not without challenges. Issues like accuracy, ethics, and credibility need to be addressed. However, when practiced responsibly and ethically, citizen journalism can be a powerful tool for promoting social and economic development by amplifying voices, fostering transparency, and facilitating positive change in communities around the world.

Q7. The Internet has changed the style, pace and variety in news reporting. Do you agree? Explain with relevant examples.

Ans. Yes, the internet has fundamentally transformed the style, pace, and variety in news reporting.

Here’s an explanation with relevant examples:

1.Style:

•Diverse Writing Styles: The internet allows for a more diverse range of writing styles in news reporting. Traditional print media often adheres to a formal and structured style, while online news outlets can offer a mix of styles, from formal to conversational, depending on the target audience and content. For example, while The New York Times maintains a formal style, online platforms like BuzzFeed use a more casual and engaging tone to connect with younger readers.

•Multimedia Integration: Online news incorporates multimedia elements, including videos, images, interactive graphics, and live streams. This multimedia style enriches the news experience and provides information in various formats. News websites like CNN or BBC frequently use video reports to complement written articles, allowing readers to engage with news in a visual and auditory manner.

2.Pace:

•Real-Time Reporting: The internet enables real-time reporting, particularly through social media and news websites. As events unfold, news outlets can provide instant updates, live feeds, and breaking news alerts. Twitter, for instance, has become a powerful platform for real-time reporting, with users and news organizations providing live updates on events.

•Constant Updates: Online news platforms can continuously update stories as new information becomes available. This is particularly evident in coverage of breaking news events. For example, during a natural disaster or a major political development, news websites like The Guardian or The Washington Post update their stories with the latest information as it emerges.

3.Variety:

•Diverse Content Formats: The internet offers a wide variety of content formats beyond traditional text-based articles. This includes podcasts, webinars, interactive data visualizations, and long-form multimedia features. For example, NPR’s podcast “Planet Money” delves into economic topics in an engaging and informative way.

•Global News Sources: The internet provides access to a diverse array of news sources from around the world. People can access news articles and reports from international sources, fostering a global perspective. Platforms like Al Jazeera English offer international news coverage to a global audience.

•Niche News Outlets: Online news allows for the proliferation of niche news outlets and specialized reporting. Individuals can access news on topics ranging from technology and science to specific hobbies and interests. Websites like TechCrunch and Wired focus on technology news, while AutoWeek specializes in automotive news.

•User-Generated Content: The internet encourages user-generated content, such as blogs and citizen journalism. Platforms like Medium provide a space for individuals to share their own news analysis, commentary, and personal experiences.

•Personalization: Online news platforms often offer personalized news recommendations and content based on user preferences. For example, news aggregators like Flipboard allow users to curate their news sources and tailor their news feeds to their interests.

In summary, the internet has revolutionized news reporting by diversifying writing styles, facilitating real-time updates, and providing a vast array of content formats and news sources. These changes have led to a more dynamic and engaging news ecosystem that caters to the preferences and needs of a broad and global audience.

OR

Write notes on any two of the following: 

(a)Attribution

Ans. Attribution in the context of journalism and writing refers to the practice of crediting the original source or author of information, quotes, statistics, or ideas that are used in a news article or any form of content. It is an essential component of responsible and ethical journalism, as it helps maintain transparency, credibility, and integrity in reporting. Here are some key points related to attribution:

1.Crediting Sources: Attribution involves acknowledging the sources of information that contribute to a news story. It typically appears in the form of a citation, reference, or mention within the text of the article.

2.Types of Attribution:

•Direct Quotes: When quoting someone directly, it’s essential to attribute the quote to the person by including their name and, if applicable, their title or affiliation.

•Indirect Quotes and Paraphrasing: Even when paraphrasing or indirectly quoting a source, it’s crucial to attribute the information to the original source.

•Data and Statistics: Any statistical data used in a news story should be attributed to the organization, report, or study that provided the data.

•Ideas and Concepts: Attribution is not limited to direct quotes or data. If an idea or concept originated from a specific source, it should be credited to that source.

3.Maintaining Accuracy: Attribution helps ensure the accuracy of news reporting. By crediting sources, journalists provide readers with a way to verify the information and assess the credibility of the story.

4.Ethical Considerations: Ethical journalism practices, including transparency and accountability, are closely associated with attribution. Plagiarism, which involves using someone else’s work without proper attribution, is considered a breach of journalistic ethics.

5.Protection from Legal Issues: Proper attribution can also protect journalists and media organizations from legal issues related to defamation or copyright infringement. When information is accurately attributed, it is less likely to lead to legal disputes.

6.Balancing Sources: Attribution helps balance the diversity of sources in news reporting. It ensures that credit is given to the individuals, experts, or organizations that contribute to a well-rounded and informed narrative.

7.Common Attribution Styles: Different media outlets and writing styles have specific conventions for attribution. For example, some may use in-text citations (e.g., “According to John Smith…”), while others may use footnotes or endnotes.

8.Placing Attribution: In news articles, attribution is typically placed near the information it refers to, often within the same sentence or paragraph. This helps readers immediately identify the source of the information.

9.Variations by Medium: Attribution practices may vary by medium. In print journalism, attribution is usually more formal, while online journalism allows for hyperlinks to the original sources, offering readers direct access to the cited material.

10.Best Practices: Journalists are expected to follow best practices for attribution, which include clearly and accurately crediting sources, avoiding overuse of quotes, and ensuring that all relevant information is attributed appropriately.

In summary, attribution is a fundamental aspect of responsible journalism that involves crediting the sources of information, quotes, and ideas used in news reporting. It is integral to maintaining the credibility and integrity of journalism while adhering to ethical standards and legal requirements.

(b)News values

Ans. News values, also known as news criteria or news factors, are the principles and criteria that guide editors and journalists in determining what is considered newsworthy and should be included in news coverage. These values help prioritize and select stories for publication or broadcast. News values can vary across different media outlets, but some common news values include:

1.Timeliness: Stories that are recent or unfolding in real-time tend to be considered more newsworthy. Timeliness is a crucial news value because news is expected to provide up-todate information. Events that have just occurred or are ongoing often take precedence.

2.Proximity: Stories that happen locally or have a direct impact on the audience are typically given priority. Local news, such as community events or issues, is more likely to be considered newsworthy than distant events.

3.Prominence: News involving well-known individuals, public figures, or celebrities is often deemed newsworthy due to the inherent interest in such people. Stories about leaders, politicians, or influential personalities often receive significant coverage.

4.Significance or Impact: Stories that have a substantial impact on society, the economy, or a large number of people are considered newsworthy. Major events, policy changes, or natural disasters fall into this category.

5.Conflict or Controversy: News values often prioritize stories involving conflict, controversy, or confrontation. These stories tend to generate public interest and debate. Examples include political disputes, social conflicts, or legal battles.

6.Human Interest: Human interest stories highlight the emotional or personal aspects of an event. These stories often focus on individual experiences, triumphs, challenges, or heartwarming moments. They engage the audience on a more personal level.

7.Novelty or Oddity: Unusual or bizarre events that deviate from the norm can capture attention. Stories that are unique, strange, or unexpected tend to be newsworthy, even if they are not of significant consequence.

8.Relevance: News is more likely to be considered newsworthy if it directly relates to the interests and needs of the target audience. Relevance is a crucial factor in determining what stories are chosen for coverage.

9.Trends and Patterns: Stories that reveal trends, patterns, or emerging issues are often of interest to journalists. Analyzing and explaining trends can provide valuable insights for the audience.

10.Magnitude or Scale: Stories with a large scale or magnitude, such as disasters or global events, are often deemed newsworthy because of their significant impact on a wide audience.

11.Currency: Stories that align with current topics or trends may receive priority. Editors and journalists consider the news agenda and select stories that are currently relevant.

12.Proximity to Audience Interest: News values may prioritize stories that align with the interests and values of the audience, whether it’s a specific community, demographic, or readership.

These news values are not mutually exclusive, and news stories often encompass multiple values. Editors and journalists use their judgment to assess the prominence of these values in determining which stories to cover and how to present them to the public. The specific importance assigned to each news value may vary depending on the editorial policy, target audience, and the overall editorial approach of a media organization.

(c)Print Media in India

Ans. Print media in India has a rich and diverse history, serving as a significant medium for news dissemination, information sharing, and public discourse. Here are some key points about the print media landscape in India:

1.Early Beginnings: The history of print media in India dates back to the early 18th century when the first newspapers were published. “The Bengal Gazette,” published by James Augustus Hickey, is considered India’s first newspaper, which started in 1780.

2.Languages and Diversity: India’s print media is incredibly diverse and multilingual. It encompasses publications in various languages, including Hindi, English, regional languages, and even minority languages. This linguistic diversity reflects the country’s multicultural nature.

3.Prominent Publications: Some of the prominent English-language newspapers in India include “The Times of India,” “The Hindu,” “The Indian Express,” and “Hindustan Times.” Hindi-language newspapers like “Dainik Jagran” and “Dainik Bhaskar” have large readerships.

4.Regional Publications: India boasts numerous regional newspapers catering to specific states and languages. These include “Ananda Bazar Patrika” (Bengali), “Mathrubhumi” (Malayalam), “Lokmat” (Marathi), and “Punjab Kesari” (Punjabi), among others.

5.Print Circulation: India has one of the largest print media markets in the world, with a considerable number of newspapers and magazines in circulation. While digital media is on the rise, print media continues to have a substantial readership.

6.Political Influence: Several newspapers have historically had political affiliations. Some publications have been aligned with political parties, while others maintain editorial independence.

7.Impact and Reach: Print media has played a significant role in shaping public opinion, influencing policies, and contributing to social and political discourse in India. It remains a trusted source of information for many.

8.Challenges: The print media industry has faced challenges due to the rise of digital media. Advertisers and readers have increasingly shifted to online platforms, impacting the revenues of print publications.

9.Digital Transition: Many print publications have adapted by establishing a digital presence. Newspapers and magazines now have online editions and apps to cater to the growing digital readership.

Language Dailies: Regional language newspapers have a substantial readership, often surpassing English-language newspapers. They cater to a wide array of local news and regional interests.

11.   Magazine Industry: India has a vibrant magazine industry that covers a wide range of topics, including lifestyle, culture, business, politics, and entertainment. Prominent magazines include “India Today,” “Outlook,” and “The Week.”

12.   Censorship and Freedom of the Press: India has a relatively free and vibrant press, with editorial independence and freedom to express diverse viewpoints. However, concerns about censorship and self-censorship have arisen at times.

13.   Reader Engagement: Print media engages readers with in-depth reporting, long-form journalism, editorials, and opinion pieces. It provides a platform for in-depth analysis and commentary.

In summary, India’s print media landscape is characterized by its linguistic diversity, regional publications, political influence, and continued relevance despite the digital transition. It continues to serve as a crucial source of news and information for a wide and varied readership.

(d)  Objectivity in Journalism

Ans. Objectivity in journalism is a fundamental ethical principle that calls for impartiality, fairness, and neutrality in reporting and presenting news. The concept of objectivity is essential in maintaining the credibility and trustworthiness of news organizations and journalists. Here are some key points related to objectivity in journalism:

1.       Balanced Reporting: Objectivity requires journalists to present information in a balanced and unbiased manner. This means providing fair and equal representation to all relevant perspectives and sides of a story. Journalists should refrain from taking sides, showing favoritism, or promoting their personal beliefs.

2.       Verification and Accuracy: Objectivity is closely tied to the accuracy of reporting. Journalists are expected to verify information from multiple sources to ensure that it is reliable and factually correct. This includes checking facts, confirming quotes, and corroborating details before publishing a story.

3.       Avoiding Personal Bias: Journalists are expected to set aside their personal beliefs, opinions, and biases when reporting on news. They should not allow their own values or judgments to influence the way they cover or present a story.

4.       Multiple Sources: Objectivity is promoted by consulting multiple sources to gather diverse viewpoints and cross-check information. Relying on a single source can lead to a biased or one-sided story.

5.       Transparency: Maintaining transparency about sources and potential conflicts of interest is part of objective reporting. If a journalist has any relevant relationships or financial interests in a story, it should be disclosed to the audience.

6.       Editorial Independence: Editors and newsroom leadership play a vital role in upholding objectivity. They should avoid exerting editorial pressure that could compromise the neutrality and fairness of a story.

7.       Distinguishing News and Opinion: Objectivity requires a clear separation between news reporting and opinion pieces. News articles should present facts and avoid interjecting personal opinions or commentary.

8.       Accountability: Journalists are accountable for their work, and if errors are made, they should be corrected promptly and transparently. Correcting mistakes is a key aspect of maintaining credibility and objectivity.

9.       Ethical Codes and Guidelines: Many news organizations have established ethical codes and guidelines that explicitly emphasize the importance of objectivity. These codes provide clear standards for journalists to follow.

Public Trust: Objectivity is crucial for maintaining public trust in journalism. When the audience perceives news as biased or slanted, it erodes trust in the media and its role in providing accurate and impartial information.

11.   Challenges to Objectivity: Objectivity can face challenges in the form of political pressure, sensationalism, and the commercial interests of media organizations. Journalists may also grapple with unconscious biases.

12.   Cultural and Societal Influences: Objectivity is not a one-size-fits-all concept. It can be influenced by cultural and societal norms. What is considered objective in one culture or society may differ from another.

13.   The Quest for Fairness: While objectivity is an ideal, some argue that absolute objectivity is unattainable, and the pursuit of fairness and balance may be a more realistic goal.

In summary, objectivity in journalism is the ethical commitment to fairness, neutrality, and accuracy in reporting. It is a cornerstone of responsible journalism and is crucial for maintaining public trust in the media. While the application of objectivity can be challenging, it remains a fundamental principle of journalism ethics.

(e)  Principles of news selection

Ans. The principles of news selection are the criteria and guidelines that editors and journalists use to determine which stories are considered newsworthy and deserving of coverage. These principles help prioritize news topics and shape the editorial choices made by media organizations. While there can be variations in the application of these principles, the following are commonly recognized criteria for news selection:

1.       Timeliness: Stories that are recent or unfolding in real time are considered more newsworthy. Timely reporting is crucial to keep the audience informed about current events.

2.       Impact: Stories that have a significant impact on society, the economy, or a large number of people are prioritized. Major events, policy changes, and natural disasters often fall into this category.

3.       Prominence: News involving well-known individuals, public figures, or celebrities is often deemed newsworthy due to the inherent interest in such people. Stories about leaders, politicians, or influential personalities often receive significant coverage.

4.       Proximity: Stories that happen locally or have a direct impact on the audience are typically given priority. Local news, such as community events or issues, is more likely to be considered newsworthy than distant events.

5.       Conflict or Controversy: Stories involving conflict, controversy, or confrontation are often prioritized. These stories tend to generate public interest and debate. Examples include political disputes, social conflicts, or legal battles.

6.       Human Interest: Human interest stories highlight the emotional or personal aspects of an event. These stories often focus on individual experiences, triumphs, challenges, or heartwarming moments. They engage the audience on a more personal level.

7.       Novelty or Oddity: Unusual or bizarre events that deviate from the norm can capture attention. Stories that are unique, strange, or unexpected tend to be newsworthy, even if they are not of significant consequence.

8.       Relevance: News is more likely to be considered newsworthy if it directly relates to the interests and needs of the target audience. Relevance is a crucial factor in determining what stories are chosen for coverage.

9.       Magnitude or Scale: Stories with a large scale or magnitude, such as disasters or global events, are often deemed newsworthy because of their significant impact on a wide audience.

Currency: Stories that align with current topics or trends may receive priority. Editors and journalists consider the news agenda and select stories that are currently relevant.

11.   Trends and Patterns: Stories that reveal trends, patterns, or emerging issues are often of interest to journalists. Analyzing and explaining trends can provide valuable insights for the audience.

12.   Significance for the Target Audience: News organizations consider the demographics and interests of their audience when selecting stories. Stories that resonate with the target audience’s values and concerns are prioritized.

13.   Editorial Judgment: Editorial teams use their judgment to assess the significance of news stories based on the principles mentioned above. Editors play a critical role in determining the news agenda and deciding which stories make the final cut.

These principles guide news selection and help shape the content presented to the public. Editors and journalists use their expertise and judgment to apply these criteria to the wide range of potential news stories, ultimately determining which stories are given priority and coverage.

(f)    Rudolf Flesch Formula of news writing

Ans. The Rudolf Flesch Formula, often referred to as the Flesch-Kincaid readability test, is a method for assessing the readability of written content, including news articles. It was developed by Rudolf Flesch, an author and writing consultant, and later refined by J. Peter Kincaid. The formula primarily focuses on the complexity of the language and sentence structure in a text. Here are the key components of the Flesch Formula of news writing:

1.       Readability Assessment: The Flesch Formula assesses the readability of a text based on factors such as sentence length and the number of syllables in words. It provides a readability score that indicates how easy or difficult a text is to read and understand.

2.       Reading Ease Score: The formula calculates a Reading Ease score, often represented as a numerical value. This score is on a scale, with higher values indicating easier readability. The Flesch Reading Ease score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores denoting easier texts.

3.       Formula Components:

•        Sentence Length: Shorter sentences contribute to higher readability. Longer, complex sentences can lower the Reading Ease score.

•        Syllables per Word: The formula considers the average number of syllables in words. Words with fewer syllables are more reader-friendly.

•        Total Words: The overall length of the text is also taken into account. Longer texts may have lower readability scores.

4.       Calculation: The Flesch Formula uses the following equation to calculate the Reading Ease score:

Reading Ease = 206.835 – (1.015 x Average sentence length) – (84.6 x Average syllables per word)

5.       Interpretation: The calculated Reading Ease score is then interpreted to determine the readability level of the text. For example, a score of 90-100 is considered very easy to read (suitable for a 5th-grader), while a score of 0-30 is extremely difficult (suitable for college graduates). News articles typically aim for a mid-range Reading Ease score to cater to a broad audience.

6.       Applicability in News Writing: In the context of news writing, the Flesch Formula can be a useful tool for editors and journalists to assess the accessibility of their articles. It ensures that news content is comprehensible to a wide readership.

7.       Considerations: While readability is essential, it’s not the only factor in news writing. Journalists must also balance readability with the need to convey complex information accurately and comprehensively. News articles often include a mix of straightforward language and terminology that may be more specialized.