SET-B

Q1. What is Globalization? Explain the merits and demerits of Globalization.

Ans1. Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and integration of countries, economies, cultures, and societies around the world. It is driven by advances in technology, transportation, communication, and trade policies, and has led to significant changes in the way we live, work, and interact with each other.

Merits of Globalization:

Increased economic growth: Globalization has led to increased economic growth and job creation, particularly in developing countries. Increased trade and investment flows have allowed countries to specialize in areas where they have a comparative advantage, leading to increased productivity and competitiveness.

Increased cultural exchange: Globalization has allowed for increased cultural exchange, leading to greater understanding and appreciation of different cultures and ways of life. This has led to greater cultural diversity and tolerance.

Access to new markets and resources: Globalization has allowed companies to access new markets and resources, enabling them to expand and grow their businesses. This has also allowed countries to access new technologies and knowledge, leading to increased innovation and development.

Improved communication and transportation: Advances in communication and transportation have made it easier for people and goods to move across borders, facilitating trade, travel, and cultural exchange.

Demerits of Globalization:

Increased economic inequality: Globalization has led to increased economic inequality, particularly within countries. The benefits of globalization have not been distributed equally, with some groups and regions benefiting more than others.

Environmental degradation: Globalization has led to increased environmental degradation, as companies seek to maximize profits and exploit natural resources. This has led to increased pollution, deforestation, and climate change.

Loss of cultural identity: Globalization has led to increased homogenization of culture, as Western cultural values and products have become more dominant around the world. This has led to a loss of cultural identity and diversity in some regions.

Increased job insecurity: Globalization has led to increased job insecurity, particularly in developed countries. Companies have moved production to countries with lower labor costs, leading to job losses and wage stagnation in some industries.

In conclusion, globalization has both merits and demerits. While it has led to increased economic growth, cultural exchange, and access to new markets and resources, it has also led to increased economic inequality, environmental degradation, loss of cultural identity, and job insecurity. It is important for policymakers to address these challenges and ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared fairly and sustainably across different countries and groups of people.

Q2. Discuss the role of WTO in accelerating free international trade. Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans2. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees and regulates international trade between its member countries. Its main goal is to facilitate and promote free and open international trade by creating and enforcing rules and agreements between member countries. The WTO plays a crucial role in accelerating free international trade in the following ways:

Reducing trade barriers: The WTO works to reduce trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, that restrict the flow of goods and services between countries. Through negotiations and agreements, the WTO has helped to reduce these barriers and open up new markets for businesses.

Ensuring non-discrimination: The WTO promotes non-discrimination in international trade, ensuring that countries cannot discriminate against other countries in their trade practices. This helps to create a level playing field for businesses and ensures fair competition.

Providing a dispute resolution mechanism: The WTO provides a mechanism for resolving trade disputes between member countries. This helps to prevent conflicts and ensures that disputes are settled in a fair and transparent manner.

Encouraging transparency: The WTO encourages transparency in trade practices by requiring member countries to disclose their trade policies and practices. This helps to prevent countries from engaging in unfair trade practices and promotes greater accountability.

Promoting development: The WTO promotes development by providing technical assistance and support to developing countries to help them participate in international trade. This helps to create new opportunities for businesses and encourages economic growth.

Overall, the WTO has played a significant role in accelerating free international trade by promoting transparency, non-discrimination, and fair competition. By reducing trade barriers and providing a mechanism for resolving disputes, the WTO has helped to create a more open and predictable trading system, which benefits businesses and consumers alike.

Q3. What do you understand by Global Social Movements? Evaluate their impact on world politics.

Ans3. Global social movements are collective actions or campaigns that seek to bring about social, political, or cultural change on a global scale. They are often driven by grassroots organizations and individuals who are dissatisfied with the status quo and want to promote social justice, human rights, environmental sustainability, and other global issues. Examples of global social movements include the anti-globalization movement, the environmental movement, the women’s movement, and the LGBTQ rights movement.

The impact of global social movements on world politics has been significant. These movements have helped to raise public awareness about global issues and put pressure on governments and international organizations to take action. Some specific impacts of global social movements include:

Changes in policy: Global social movements have been successful in bringing about changes in policy at both national and international levels. For example, the global movement to combat climate change led to the Paris Agreement in 2015, which saw almost every country in the world commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Shifting public opinion: Global social movements have been effective in shifting public opinion on key issues. For example, the #MeToo movement helped to raise awareness about sexual harassment and assault, and has led to increased discussion and action on the issue.

Influencing international organizations: Global social movements have also influenced international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. For example, the global movement for debt relief for developing countries led to the creation of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

Creating new networks and coalitions: Global social movements have also created new networks and coalitions of individuals and organizations that work together to bring about change. These networks and coalitions can have a significant impact on world politics by amplifying voices and mobilizing action.

Overall, global social movements have played an important role in shaping world politics by raising awareness about global issues, shifting public opinion, influencing policy and international organizations, and creating new networks and coalitions. While the impact of these movements is not always immediate or clear, their role in promoting social, political, and cultural change cannot be underestimated.

Q4. What is the impact of globalization on human migration? Explain the various reasons for human migration in Contemporary World.

Ans4. Globalization has had a significant impact on human migration in the contemporary world. The increased interconnectedness of the global economy and the rise of new technologies have made it easier for people to move across borders in search of better opportunities. Some of the impacts of globalization on human migration include:

Increased migration flows: Globalization has led to increased migration flows as people seek better opportunities for work, education, and quality of life. This has led to the growth of diaspora communities and multicultural societies.

Brain drain: Globalization has also led to the phenomenon of “brain drain,” where skilled workers leave their home countries to seek better opportunities in other parts of the world. This can have negative impacts on developing countries, as they lose their most talented and educated workers.

Transnationalism: Globalization has facilitated the growth of transnational communities, where people maintain ties to multiple countries and cultures. This can lead to greater cultural exchange and diversity, but also to challenges in integrating these communities into host societies.

Migrant exploitation: Globalization has also led to increased exploitation of migrant workers, particularly those who are undocumented or in irregular status. These workers are often subjected to low wages, poor working conditions, and exploitation by employers.

The various reasons for human migration in the contemporary world include:

Economic reasons: Many people migrate in search of better economic opportunities, such as jobs, higher wages, and better living conditions.

Social reasons: People may migrate to be with family members, to escape conflict or persecution, or to pursue education or other social opportunities.

Environmental reasons: Climate change and environmental degradation can also be drivers of migration, as people are forced to leave their homes due to natural disasters, drought, or other environmental challenges.

Political reasons: Conflict, persecution, and human rights abuses can also drive people to migrate, particularly as refugees or asylum seekers.

Overall, globalization has had a significant impact on human migration, both in terms of increasing migration flows and creating new challenges and opportunities for migrants and host societies. Understanding the reasons for human migration is critical in developing policies and programs that support the needs and rights of migrants and host communities alike.

Q5. Critically analyze the phenomenon of international terrorism as a challenge to International Peace and Security.

Ans5. International terrorism has emerged as a significant challenge to international peace and security in recent decades. This phenomenon involves the use of violence and intimidation by non-state actors against civilian populations and governments in pursuit of political or ideological objectives. The following is a critical analysis of the phenomenon of international terrorism as a challenge to international peace and security:

Impact on civilian populations: International terrorism has had a profound impact on civilian populations around the world. Terrorist attacks have caused thousands of deaths and injuries, as well as significant economic damage. The fear and trauma caused by terrorism can also have lasting psychological effects on individuals and communities.

Challenge to state sovereignty: International terrorism challenges the sovereignty of states, as terrorist groups often operate across borders and do not recognize the authority of national governments. This can create challenges for law enforcement and counterterrorism efforts, as well as undermine the legitimacy of democratic institutions and the rule of law.

Impact on international relations: International terrorism can also have significant impacts on international relations, particularly when terrorist attacks are carried out on foreign soil or against foreign nationals. These attacks can strain diplomatic relations between countries, and lead to calls for retaliatory action or increased security measures.

Human rights implications: Counterterrorism efforts can sometimes infringe on human rights and civil liberties, particularly when they involve the use of surveillance, detention, and other security measures. This can lead to tensions between governments and civil society organizations, as well as potential violations of international law.

Root causes: It is also important to consider the root causes of international terrorism, which may include political grievances, poverty, marginalization, and religious or ideological extremism. Addressing these underlying factors is critical in preventing the spread of terrorism and promoting long-term peace and stability.

In conclusion, international terrorism represents a significant challenge to international peace and security, with far-reaching impacts on civilian populations, state sovereignty, international relations, human rights, and the root causes of violent extremism. Addressing this challenge will require a coordinated and comprehensive approach, involving effective law enforcement and counterterrorism efforts, as well as efforts to address the underlying political, social, and economic factors that drive terrorism.

Q6. Throw light on the major environmental issues before the International Community.

Ans6. There are a number of major environmental issues that the international community faces, including:

Climate Change: This is perhaps the most pressing environmental issue that the international community faces. Climate change refers to the gradual increase in the Earth’s temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This can have significant impacts on the environment, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation patterns.

Deforestation: Deforestation is the permanent removal of forests, and it is a major contributor to climate change, as well as a threat to biodiversity. Deforestation also contributes to soil erosion, water pollution, and other environmental problems.

Water Scarcity: Many parts of the world are facing a shortage of clean, fresh water. This can be due to a variety of factors, including climate change, overuse of water resources, and pollution.

Air Pollution: Air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, as well as on the environment. It can contribute to respiratory diseases, acid rain, and damage to crops and other vegetation.

Biodiversity Loss: Biodiversity loss refers to the decline of plant and animal species and ecosystems around the world. This can be caused by habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, and other human activities.

Waste Management: The management of waste is a major environmental challenge, particularly in urban areas. Improper waste disposal can lead to pollution of the air, water, and soil, as well as public health problems.

Energy Use: The way that energy is produced and consumed around the world has significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and the depletion of natural resources.

Overall, these environmental issues represent major challenges for the international community, and they will require concerted action and collaboration to address. This may involve a range of strategies, including international treaties and agreements, technological innovations, and changes in human behavior and consumption patterns.

Q7. Examine the Economic and Technological Dimensions of Globalisation.

Ans7. Economic dimension of Globalisation:

The economic dimension of globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of national economies, as well as the emergence of a global market system. There are several key features of the economic dimension of globalization, including:

Trade Liberalization: One of the key features of globalization is the liberalization of trade, which involves the removal of barriers to trade between nations. This has led to the expansion of global trade and the emergence of a global market system.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Globalization has also led to an increase in foreign direct investment, as companies seek to expand their operations into new markets around the world. This has led to the growth of multinational corporations and the increasing integration of national economies.

Globalization of Finance: The globalization of finance refers to the increasing integration of national financial systems, as well as the emergence of a global financial system. This has led to the growth of international capital markets and the increasing importance of global financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Globalization of Production: The globalization of production refers to the increasing fragmentation of production processes across national borders. This has led to the growth of global supply chains and the increasing importance of global production networks.

Technological dimension of Globalisation:

The technological dimension of globalization refers to the increasing role of technology in facilitating global interconnectedness. Some of the key features of the technological dimension of globalization include:

Communication Technologies: Advances in communication technologies such as the internet and mobile phones have facilitated the rapid spread of information and the increasing interconnectedness of people around the world.

Transportation Technologies: Advances in transportation technologies such as air travel and container shipping have facilitated the movement of goods and people around the world, contributing to the growth of global trade and the globalization of production.

Information Technologies: The increasing importance of information technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and blockchain has facilitated the growth of global supply chains and the increasing integration of national economies.

Technological Innovation: Technological innovation has been a key driver of globalization, as new technologies have enabled companies to expand their operations into new markets and to develop new products and services to meet the changing demands of global consumers.

In conclusion, the economic and technological dimensions of globalization have had significant impacts on the world economy and society. While globalization has brought benefits such as increased trade, economic growth, and technological innovation, it has also led to challenges such as inequality, job loss, and environmental degradation.

Q8. Write short notes on any two of the following :

(a) World Trade Organization

Ans8 a The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade between nations. It was established on January 1, 1995, as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which had been in place since 1948. The WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 164 member countries.

The WTO’s main objectives are to promote free trade, facilitate the smooth flow of goods and services across borders, and provide a forum for negotiations on trade-related issues. It operates on the principle of non-discrimination, meaning that countries must treat all other members equally in terms of trade.

The WTO has several key functions, including:

Administering Trade Agreements: The WTO administers various trade agreements negotiated between member countries, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

Providing a Forum for Trade Negotiations: The WTO provides a forum for member countries to negotiate new trade agreements and to resolve trade disputes.

Monitoring National Trade Policies: The WTO monitors the trade policies of member countries to ensure they are in compliance with WTO rules.

Technical Assistance and Training: The WTO provides technical assistance and training to help developing countries participate in the global trading system.

The WTO has been criticized for a variety of reasons, including the perception that it primarily benefits developed countries and multinational corporations, while neglecting the needs of developing countries. Critics argue that free trade policies promoted by the WTO can lead to job loss, environmental degradation, and social inequality.

Despite these criticisms, the WTO has played an important role in promoting free trade and facilitating the smooth flow of goods and services across borders. The organization has helped to reduce trade barriers and has provided a framework for resolving trade disputes between nations.

(b) Climate Change

Ans8 b Climate change refers to a long-term shift in global weather patterns, typically characterized by an increase in global temperatures and changes in precipitation, sea levels, and weather events such as storms and droughts. The primary cause of climate change is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the planet to warm.

The most significant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, which is released by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas for energy. Other human activities, such as deforestation and industrial processes, also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate change has numerous impacts on the natural world and human societies, including:

Rising sea levels, which can lead to flooding and erosion of coastal areas.

Changes in weather patterns, including more frequent and severe storms, droughts, and heatwaves.

Disruption of ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss and changes in the distribution of plant and animal species.

Threats to human health, such as increased exposure to heat-related illnesses and the spread of vector-borne diseases.

Economic impacts, including damage to infrastructure and increased costs of food production and insurance.

Addressing climate change requires a global response, with countries working together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in 1992 to address the issue of climate change, and its members meet regularly to negotiate global agreements on reducing emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change.

Despite efforts to address climate change, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and the impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly severe. Urgent action is needed to reduce emissions and protect the planet for future generations.

(c) BRICS

Ans8 c BRICS is an acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The term “BRICS” was coined in 2001 by economist Jim O’Neill, who used it to describe the four fastest-growing emerging markets at the time: Brazil, Russia, India, and China

The BRICS countries are characterized by their large populations, significant land areas, abundant natural resources, and growing economies. Together, they represent about 40% of the world’s population, 30% of the world’s territory, and 23% of the global GDP.

The BRICS countries have formed an informal alliance to promote economic cooperation, trade, and investment. The group holds annual summits to discuss common issues and concerns, and to coordinate their positions on global economic and political matters.

The BRICS countries are major players in the global economy and have significant influence in international institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. They have also launched a number of initiatives, including the New Development Bank, which aims to provide funding for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in developing countries.

Despite their shared interests, the BRICS countries also have significant differences and challenges, including political differences, economic disparities, and environmental concerns. However, the group remains an important force in the global economy and is likely to continue to play a significant role in shaping global economic and political trends.

(d) Cultural Dimension of Globalization

Ans8 d The cultural dimension of globalization refers to the spread of cultural practices, values, ideas, and products across national borders. As a result of advancements in communication and transportation technologies, cultural exchanges have become more frequent and widespread, leading to the formation of a global culture or a “global village.”

One of the main drivers of cultural globalization is the media, including movies, television shows, music, and the internet. As these media have become more accessible to people around the world, they have led to the spread of cultural practices and trends from one region to another. For example, the popularity of K-pop music from South Korea has spread to other parts of the world, and Hollywood movies are watched by millions of people around the globe.

Cultural globalization has led to both positive and negative impacts. On the one hand, it has helped to foster greater understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures, as people have greater exposure to different ways of life and cultural practices. It has also led to the development of new cultural forms that blend different influences from around the world, such as fusion cuisine or mixed styles of music.

On the other hand, cultural globalization has also led to the homogenization of cultures, as local traditions and practices are sometimes lost or diluted in the face of global trends. This can result in cultural imperialism, where dominant cultures impose their values and norms on less powerful societies. Additionally, cultural globalization can also lead to the commodification of culture, as traditional practices are commercialized and marketed to a global audience.

Overall, the cultural dimension of globalization is complex and multifaceted, with both positive and negative impacts. It is important to recognize the diverse ways in which cultural globalization affects people and communities around the world, and to work towards promoting cultural exchange and understanding while also protecting and preserving local cultural traditions.